Russia's Muslim Heartlands: Islam in the Putin Era by Dominic Rubin xmasNF with a sideline in contraband

with a sideline in contraband

Turkmenistan

and cruising strips

But they also suffer the effects of civil war

Russia's Muslim Heartlands: Islam in the Putin Era by Dominic Rubin xmasNF with a sideline in contrabandMoscow has the largest Muslim population of any city in Europe. In 2015, some 2 million Muslim Muscovites celebrated the opening of the continent's biggest mosque. One quarter of the Soviet population was ethnically Muslim, and today their grandchildren, living in the lands between Bukhara, Kazan and the Caucasus, once again have access to their historical traditions. But they also suffer the effects of civil war, mass migration and political